A generalized Fellner-Schall method for smoothing parameter estimation with application to Tweedie location, scale and shape models

We consider the estimation of smoothing parameters and variance components in models with a regular log likelihood subject to quadratic penalization of the model coefficients, via a generalization of the method of Fellner (1986) and Schall (1991). In particular: (i) we generalize the original method to the case of penalties that are linear in several smoothing parameters, thereby covering the important cases of tensor product and adaptive smoothers; (ii) we show why the method's steps increase the restricted marginal likelihood of the model, that it tends to converge faster than the EM algorithm, or obvious accelerations of this, and investigate its relation to Newton optimization; (iii) we generalize the method to any Fisher regular likelihood. The method represents a considerable simplification over existing methods of estimating smoothing parameters in the context of regular likelihoods, without sacrificing generality: for example, it is only necessary to compute with the same first and second derivatives of the log-likelihood required for coefficient estimation, and not with the third or fourth order derivatives required by alternative approaches. Examples are provided which would have been impossible or impractical with pre-existing Fellner-Schall methods, along with an example of a Tweedie location, scale and shape model which would be a challenge for alternative methods

Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data

I describe a Bayesian method to account for measurement errors in linear regression of astronomical data. The method allows for heteroscedastic and possibly correlated measurement errors, and intrinsic scatter in the regression relationship. The method is based on deriving a likelihood function for the measured data, and I focus on the case when the intrinsic distribution of the independent variables can be approximated using a mixture of Gaussians. I generalize the method to incorporate multiple independent variables, non-detections, and selection effects (e.g., Malmquist bias). A Gibbs sampler is described for simulating random draws from the probability distribution of the parameters, given the observed data. I use simulation to compare the method with other common estimators. The simulations illustrate that the Gaussian mixture model outperforms other common estimators and can effectively give constraints on the regression parameters, even when the measurement errors dominate the observed scatter, source detection fraction is low, or the intrinsic distribution of the independent variables is not a mixture of Gaussians. I conclude by using this method to fit the X-ray spectral slope as a function of Eddington ratio using a sample of 39 z < 0.8 radio-quiet quasars. I confirm the correlation seen by other authors between the radio-quiet quasar X-ray spectral slope and the Eddington ratio, where the X-ray spectral slope softens as the Eddington ratio increases.Comment: 39 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, accepted by ApJ. IDL routines (linmix_err.pro) for performing the Markov Chain Monte Carlo are available at the IDL astronomy user's library, http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/homepage.htm

Journeys to Open Educational Practice: UKOER/SCORE Review Final Report

In 2008 the JISC Good Intentions report concluded that the landscape around learning materials had changed sufficiently to support a range of sustainable models for sharing. The report charted and acknowledged the long history of approaches to support sharing that had helped to shape the landscape. Most of the models highlight a growing acknowledgement of the need to build and support open and sustainable communities to share practice and resources. Indeed such communities are often the key to sustaining the service, whichever model is adopted. This is the type of model most likely to encourage sharing between teachers as well as learners. The growing OER community is taking collaborative approaches to tackling the ongoing challenges of raising awareness, licensing and trust issues, and standards and technologies. The challenge for the UK now is to ensure that our HE institutions are enabled to create policies, practices and support their staff to accelerate the transformations required to contribute and benefit from this global movement. It is also vital to ensure that we capture the real picture of use and re-use of such services and collections to inform future OER programmes. HEFCE funding for OER initiatives followed this report in 2009 and has, in many ways, provided some of the scaffolding and support for a variety of individuals, communities and institutions to move forwards in their own journeys, whether they started years before in other contexts or had just joined on the road to open sharing

Alien Registration- Dempster, Harry A. (Caribou, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/26178/thumbnail.jp

Designing a Belief Function-Based Accessibility Indicator to Improve Web Browsing for Disabled People

The purpose of this study is to provide an accessibility measure of web-pages, in order to draw disabled users to the pages that have been designed to be ac-cessible to them. Our approach is based on the theory of belief functions, using data which are supplied by reports produced by automatic web content assessors that test the validity of criteria defined by the WCAG 2.0 guidelines proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) organization. These tools detect errors with gradual degrees of certainty and their results do not always converge. For these reasons, to fuse information coming from the reports, we choose to use an information fusion framework which can take into account the uncertainty and imprecision of infor-mation as well as divergences between sources. Our accessibility indicator covers four categories of deficiencies. To validate the theoretical approach in this context, we propose an evaluation completed on a corpus of 100 most visited French news websites, and 2 evaluation tools. The results obtained illustrate the interest of our accessibility indicator

2-(1,4-Dioxo-1,4-dihydro-2-naphthyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

The sterically crowded title compound, C₁₄H₁₂O₄, crystallizes as centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers involving the carboxyl groups. The naphthoquinone ring system is folded by 11.5 (1)° about a vector joining the 1,4-C atoms, and the quinone O atoms are displaced from the ring plane, presumably because of steric interactions with the bulky substituent

Modelling the U.S. Federal Spending Process: Overview and Implications

The purpose of this paper is to show how inflation is endemic to the budgetary process of the United States Federal Government. We relate models of government expenditure to models of the economy, thus joining in theory what has in practice always been together. The description given -- although presented in summary rather than detail -- is based on hard statistical and econometric evidence amassed over more than a decade. We attempt to show that, while they are complex, the relevant processes can be modeled reasonably simply. We conclude that the forces influencing U.S. Federal expenditures -- bureaucratic, political and economic -- are too entrenched and powerful to be easily deflected from their current course. Although expenditures decline during restrictive periods, they do not decline by nearly as much as they previously increased; thus each cycle of spending begins from a higher base. After brief descriptions of the process by which fiscal and budgetary policy are formed in the name of the President and of the evolution of the broad pattern of Federal expenditure post World War II, we present simple, empirically supported models of the formation and coordination of budget requests, Congressional appropriations and the timing of Federal expenditures. Next we outline, by means of the comparative static analysis of a simple macroeconomic model with an endogenous government sector, the short and medium term economic implications of a government reacting -- through its wage bill, "mandatory" transfer payments and attempted fiscal policy -- to output, the price level and unemployment. When government involves a sizable proportion of economic activity, its budget deficit -- rather than private consumer and investment credit alone -- represents a major intertemporal credit demand, fueling both growth and inflation. In these circumstances a tight fiscal and monetary policy, which reduces this credit in response to inflation, can have precisely the opposite effect to that desired, namely, simultaneous stagnation and accelerating inflation. Finally, we speculate on the long term effects of the resulting growth of the public sector necessitated by short term political and economic forces in light of the slowly adapting nature of bureaucratic processes captured in our models

X-ray Lighthouses of the High-Redshift Universe. II. Further Snapshot Observations of the Most Luminous z>4 Quasars with Chandra

We report on Chandra observations of a sample of 11 optically luminous (Mb<-28.5) quasars at z=3.96-4.55 selected from the Palomar Digital Sky Survey and the Automatic Plate Measuring Facility Survey. These are among the most luminous z>4 quasars known and hence represent ideal witnesses of the end of the "dark age ''. Nine quasars are detected by Chandra, with ~2-57 counts in the observed 0.5-8 keV band. These detections increase the number of X-ray detected AGN at z>4 to ~90; overall, Chandra has detected ~85% of the high-redshift quasars observed with snapshot (few kilosecond) observations. PSS 1506+5220, one of the two X-ray undetected quasars, displays a number of notable features in its rest-frame ultraviolet spectrum, the most prominent being broad, deep SiIV and CIV absorption lines. The average optical-to-X-ray spectral index for the present sample (=-1.88+/-0.05) is steeper than that typically found for z>4 quasars but consistent with the expected value from the known dependence of this spectral index on quasar luminosity. We present joint X-ray spectral fitting for a sample of 48 radio-quiet quasars in the redshift range 3.99-6.28 for which Chandra observations are available. The X-ray spectrum (~870 counts) is well parameterized by a power law with Gamma=1.93+0.10/-0.09 in the rest-frame ~2-40 keV band, and a tight upper limit of N_H~5x10^21 cm^-2 is obtained on any average intrinsic X-ray absorption. There is no indication of any significant evolution in the X-ray properties of quasars between redshifts zero and six, suggesting that the physical processes of accretion onto massive black holes have not changed over the bulk of cosmic time.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A

The profitability of progressive theology publishing in late nineteenth-century Scotland as illustrated by the experience of T. & T. Clark of Edinburgh in the 1880s and 1890s

This study assesses the profitability of one particular Scottish theological publishing firm, T. & T. Clark, in the 1880s and 1890s. Its major concern is to investigate the tension which exists in any 'committed' publishing business between the profit motive, and the desire to further the cause espoused by the firm. Did considerations of profitability significantly influence the theological stance of material issued? Or, in the interests of furthering a theological position, was the profit motive kept in second place as far as was consistent with the continuance of the firm? Or, in reality, was there a complicated interplay between these two positions? After a general survey which charts the history of the firm and attempts to assess the partners' motivation, there follows a highly detailed examination of the relative profitability of the different types and forms of publication handled by the Clarks: series publishing, translations, works of transatlantic origin, reference works requiring major investment, and general theological works. There follows an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the firm's promotional strategy and distribution, and an examination of the profitability of the Clarks' operations as a whole for the four financial years beginning 1895-96. There are several appendices, one of which features a biographical study of Dr James Hastings, editor of the Dictionary of the Bible and the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. The conclusion is reached that there was indeed a complex interplay between motives spiritual and motives financial: the Clarks' decision to publish moderately 'advanced' theology was not primarily determined by financial considerations, but by their commitment to promulgating the truth as they saw it. This commitment was not opportunistic lip-service: they were frequently prepared to hazard investment on works of doubtful profitability because they considered them to be of theological value. However, the works they published were in general modestly if not spectacularly profitable, and the future growth of the business was assured. Had you put it to one of the principals that his firm seemed to be a living denial of Christ's asseveration that one cannot serve both God and mammon, he would probably have retorted that he was serving God and God alone, and that any financial success which accrued was to be interpreted as being a reward for faithful service.This study assesses the profitability of one particular Scottish theological publishing firm, T. & T. Clark, in the 1880s and 1890s. Its major concern is to investigate the tension which exists in any 'committed' publishing business between the profit motive, and the desire to further the cause espoused by the firm. Did considerations of profitability significantly influence the theological stance of material issued? Or, in the interests of furthering a theological position, was the profit motive kept in second place as far as was consistent with the continuance of the firm? Or, in reality, was there a complicated interplay between these two positions? After a general survey which charts the history of the firm and attempts to assess the partners' motivation, there follows a highly detailed examination of the relative profitability of the different types and forms of publication handled by the Clarks: series publishing, translations, works of transatlantic origin, reference works requiring major investment, and general theological works. There follows an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of the firm's promotional strategy and distribution, and an examination of the profitability of the Clarks' operations as a whole for the four financial years beginning 1895-96. There are several appendices, one of which features a biographical study of Dr James Hastings, editor of the Dictionary of the Bible and the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. The conclusion is reached that there was indeed a complex interplay between motives spiritual and motives financial: the Clarks' decision to publish moderately 'advanced' theology was not primarily determined by financial considerations, but by their commitment to promulgating the truth as they saw it. This commitment was not opportunistic lip-service: they were frequently prepared to hazard investment on works of doubtful profitability because they considered them to be of theological value. However, the works they published were in general modestly if not spectacularly profitable, and the future growth of the business was assured. Had you put it to one of the principals that his firm seemed to be a living denial of Christ's asseveration that one cannot serve both God and mammon, he would probably have retorted that he was serving God and God alone, and that any financial success which accrued was to be interpreted as being a reward for faithful service